Hungarian Spectrum

History lesson: Hungarians and the outbreak of World War I

One of the readers of Hungarian Spectrum got into a heated debate about the Treaty of Trianon and Hungary's role in the war that Hungary, along with Austria, lost. He argued that the conduct of foreign policy was in the hands of the Austrians and thus Hungary was dragged into the war against its will.

I promised at that point that I would write something about the topic because it is becoming evident that a fair number of Hungarians, old and young alike, have a very distorted view of Hungarian history.

So, let's start with the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry. Between 1867 and 1918 there were thirteen Austro-Hungarian foreign ministers out of whom six were Hungarian nationals: Gyula Andrássy, József Szlávy, Gusztáv Kálnoky, István Burián (twice), and Gyula Andrássy, Jr. As for the staff of the ministry, naturally in the first couple of decades of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Hungarians were in the great minority but by 1914 they were well represented. And finally, the declaration of war could be vetoed by the Hungarian prime minister. István Tisza, somewhat reluctantly, endorsed the move. So, let's not pretend that Hungary was an innocent victim of Austrian power games.

I mentioned during this debate that years ago I wrote an article about the war enthusiasm of Hungarian poets and writers. Let me add that these writers were not faithful conservative adherents of the status quo. No, on the contrary. They were so-called "progressive writers," people who gathered around the famous periodical, Nyugat (West).

The whole population suddenly became one in condemning Serbia and looking forward to a "cleansing" war. The monarchy, long beset by ethnic conflicts, showed a remarkable transformation. Czechs and Germans buried the hatchet and enthusiastically cheered their emperor. The Hungarians, who suddenly forgot all their grievances against Vienna, energetically sang the the formerly despised Austrian national anthem and marched together with Slovaks, Croats, and Romanians. Only the Serbs were subdued, fearful, and quietly antagonistic. In every city there were spontaneous, cheerful demonstrations and the enthusiasm was contagious.

The most famous English war poet Rupert Brooke, in his well known poem "Peace," captured his generation's feelings of liberation from the shackles of inactivity when he talked about awakening from "sleeping" and expressed his joy at the thought of escaping from "a world grown old and cold and weary."

The Hungarian Gyula Juhász used almost identical language: "Wondrous days! Our soul which almost perished/In sterile and sickly peace is found again,/Oh, long gone is the mournful, listless and idle spirit/The disdainful, almost foreign Budapest." Or here are a few lines from Dezső Kosztolányi: "Today's man--grown up in a hothouse, pale, and sipping tea--greets this healthy brutality enthusiastically. Let the storm come and sweep out our salons. Let us confess that there is a lot of trash in them and that what gets destroyed is no great loss.... Who feels sorry for the old culture? May the change, the new, the bloody dough which will leaven the future be blessed."

Or here is Zsigmond Móricz, the greatest Hungarian prose writer of the interwar period. According to him, the pre-war years were a time of "cursed tranquility and cancerous peace." He was convinced that "decrepit Europe, like the aged Phoenix reborn in fire, must be rejuvenated" as a result of the war. Móricz in his short stories written at the time often talked about the vitality the war gave to people. His Hungarian peasants, whether in the trenches or in marching columns, are full of life; they are invigorated: "the boys are just shaking of joy." Going into battle, according to one of his characters, is "sheer pleasure because at least one knows there what he is doing"; moreover, all this is done during "a beautiful spring which was never more beautiful."

Ready to fight

The Hungarian writers' support of the war had in addition to the above mentioned benefits seemingly firmer, more political foundations than their misguided belief in their own redemption and the universal yearning for change. For years, political critics charged, Austria-Hungary's foreign policy had been timid and the monarchy's statesmen on the defensive. And for years, Serbia, with Russia's assistance, had been systematically trying to undermine the Dual Monarchy. The mistrust, indeed hatred, of Serbia was widespread. Even Endre Ady, before he realized that a conflict between Serbia and the monarchy would lead to a world-wide confrontation, was prepared to support a local war which, if won, would not only preserve but revitalize the monarchy's standing in world affairs. In "Torony az éjszakában" (Steeple in the night), he wrote: "Perhaps tomorrow, washed in blood,/Our godly guardian, the steeple/Will glitter,/The Word of the martial past rumbles:/We shall die or triumph."

No doubt these people felt that the monarchy was threatened; despite Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, they were convinced that this was a defensive war. Ignotus, one of the editors of Nyugat, set the tone for the Hungarian intellectual elite in an August 1 editorial entitled "War." "This war," he wrote, "had to be; without it, we would have ended up like Turkey." Zoltán Ambrus, a writer and theater critic, put it this way: "the question was to be or not to be." Even Mihály Babits, who was among the skeptics in 1914-1915, was initially confident that the war was defensive in nature.

These Hungarian intellectuals also viewed themselves as the defenders of traditional western liberties in the face of Russia's decision to enter the conflict. The Hungarian fear of Russia reached pathological proportions by 1914, and this fear was not altogether unwarranted. After all, the Tsarist regime inspired little confidence even in the Entente countries. Gyula Juhász wrote: "Always woefully glorious name:/Magyar, today new splendor is yours/Once more you defend the millions of great nations/By defending your own fatherland!" Or here are a few lines from Zsigmond Móricz: "The work of the Hungarians, forever and ever, a thousand-year-old task: to stand before the sea of the East ... in order for other, happier nations of Fate to turn the wheels of Culture."

I could continue to give examples of the incredible patriotism and war enthusiasm that gripped Hungary. I should add that this enthusiasm, as the war dragged on and on, turned to opposition and disillusionment. But by then, it was too late. And finally, let's not blame someone else for the country's leaders and the people's mistakes.

A few words about the current state of the Hungarian media

She looks nice enough until she opens her mouth. I'm talking about Karola Kiricsi who accepted the unsavory job of being the spokeswoman for the new Media Council. I understand that most people need a job in order to eat but still... 

 

 Karola Kiricsi, spokeswoman of the Hungarian Media Council 

It is not only what she says, that's bad enough, but how she says it. Anyone who would like to hear her in her own voice should listen to her interview with Olga Kálmán on ATV's Egyenes beszéd (Straight Talk). It's an experience.

Of course, the occasion for this interview was the future of Klubrádió. Thanks to the ill-conceived scheme of the Orbán government to deny the station a frequency, Klubrádió's name is becoming internationally known. One wonders whether government officials are really that dense. Don't they realize that no one in the West is going to believe their protestations to the contrary and that they will be labeled an undemocratic regime unfit to belong to the European Union? Is it worth it?

At least on the public relations front Klubrádió is making inroads. András Arató, managing director of Klubrádió, and György Bolgár, the host of a much loved (or hated, depending on where you stand politically) call-in show, received an invitation from Neelie Kroes, European Commissioner for Digital Agenda. As it turned out, the Hungarian Media Council offered Kroes its assistance in properly interpreting the Hungarian media law but received no answer from the commissioner. Kiricsi was surprised and hurt!

But that's not all. Neelie Kroes even posed for an official photo with Arató and Bolgár and posted it, of all places, on her Twitter site.

 András Arató, Neelie Kroes, and György Bolgár in Brussels

All this must be truly annoying in government circles, as became apparent during a conversation György Bolgár had with Gergely Pröhle, assistant undersecretary of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, this afternoon. Pröhle, who is normally politeness itself, was not exactly civil to György Bolgár. Bolgár wanted to know whether the Foreign Ministry informs the government of all the adverse news about Hungary coming from abroad. Moreover, Bolgár inquired whether the Foreign Ministry ever gives advice to those who are in charge of making policy. Bolgár didn't say it in so many words, but his aim was to find out whether the ministry perhaps warned the government that trying to eliminate Klubrádió would result in such bad publicity to Hungary that it wasn't worth it.

Pröhle's reaction was anything but conciliatory. In fact, just the opposite. He claimed, incorrectly by the way, that Klubrádió is trying to portray itself as an "independent" organ when in fact it is an "opposition" radio station. The accusation is baseless. Klubrádió makes it quite clear that it is critical of the government. And there is a genuine need for such a radio station. Let's see why.

Nyilvánosság Klub (Open Society Club) monitored several television and radio stations, both public and commercial, between November 7 and December 16, 2011. The findings are telling. They monitored the daily news programs of the Hungarian public radio station (Magyar Rádió), Klubrádió (an opposition radio station), and Lánchíd Rádió (a commercial right-wing radio station). They monitored the evening news programs of M1 (MTV, Hungarian Public Television), TV2 and RTL Klub, ATV, and Hír TV, all commercial stations. ATV is an opposition station while Hír TV is a pro-government one.

The Open Society Club's first observation was that coverage of foreign news has suffered a lot in the last few years. In 2007 32% of the news was devoted to news from abroad. Today it is only 23%. In the public television station's news coverage serious political news also decreased by 30% while tabloid news items multiplied. In M1's evening news 50% of news items are now devoted to tabloid news. The situation is even worse at TV2 and RTL Klub. There out of ten items nine are about murders, gossip, accidents, etc. The monitors found the most balanced coverage between serious and tabloid news was at ATV's new program. András Bánó, the editor-in-chief of ATV's Híradó, is doing the job that public television should be doing by providing balanced and responsible coverage. I might also mention that ATV has a special news program dealing exclusively with foreign affairs, "Világhíradó."

Criticism of the government hardly ever surfaces on MTV, MR, or the right-wing Hír TV. During the six weeks Nyilvánosság Klub monitored MTV and MR there were only two mentions of foreign criticism of the Hungarian government. It was only ATV and Klubrádió that mentioned any criticism coming from abroad.

No criticism or negative opinion was ever uttered about Viktor Orbán and his policies either on MTV, MR, or Hir TV during November-December 2011. Praise, on the other hand, was abundant, especially on Lánchíd Rádió. ATV's coverage of Viktor Orbán was more balanced: the evening news mentioned the prime minister in a positive light 16% of the time and 30% in a critical manner.

It is sad that MTV doesn't fulfill either the role of balanced reporting or its mission of educating the public. We also must keep in mind that MTV can be seen everywhere in the country as opposed to ATV, which is available only on cable.

It is very important to have Klubrádió remain on the air because otherwise about half a million regular listeners will be deprived of a station that balances out somewhat the entirely one-sided public and pro-government organs and the two most popular commercial stations that shy away from political news altogether. 

Reality check: IMF's yearly assessment and the EU media advisory panel's findings

This morning Viktor Orbán in an interview with The Wall Street Journal claimed that currently he is facing the biggest intellectual challenge of his political career because of the economic and financial difficulties the country faces. However, he thinks that with "the economic policies we have today, the budget we have, we are on the right track." The problem is that the IMF doesn't think so.

The IMF yearly survey on Hungary's economic outlook, which was released today, starts with these sentences: "External financing risks are rising in the wake of growth and financial spillovers from the Eurozone crisis. Stock vulnerabilities remain high while fiscal and external buffers are under pressure. Meanwhile, obstacles to higher medium-term potential growth–-namely poor investment growth and low labor participation-–persist. Unexpected and interventionist policy measures, many affecting the financial sector, have further increased policy uncertainty, contributing to elevated risk premia and a weakening of the exchange rate." It sounds rather ominous. And what comes afterward is no better. Under "Fiscal policy" we read that "ambitious deficit targets remain appropriate, although their attainment may be jeopardized by deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and policy slippages. The increasingly complex tax system should be revisited to take account of medium-term growth and distributional aspects, planned structural reforms should be implemented in full, and distortions in the labor market must be avoided."

Our war of independence has been won, we signed a cease fire and now we are ready for peace

This is a problem, isn't it? It is becoming obvious that the International Monetary Fund sees the Hungarian situation differently from the Hungarian prime minister, who seems to be perfectly satisfied with the "economic  governance" under György Matolcsy. Viktor Orbán made it clear that the person of his "right-hand man," György Matolcsy, is not negotiable. However, some commentators, after reading the IMF report, came to the conclusion that there might be additional pressure on Orbán to part with Matolcsy.

Even more important, Hungary might have funding difficulties this year, especially if the euro crisis worsens and the economy slips into recession. The IMF survey predicts a slowing economy, including "the emergence of an external funding gap." In plain language, the inability of the country to honor its sovereign debt obligations.

Although Orbán tries to give the impression of easy sailing once the negotiations begin, the going might be rough. The IMF most likely will insist on a review of the flat tax introduced a year ago that is largely responsible for the growing problems of the central budget. The IMF will demand a strengthening of the Fiscal Council that the Orbán government rendered toothless.

The IMF called the Hungarian government's attention to the present lack of investor confidence after possibly inflicting "large and lasting damage" on the country's reputation with the unilateral revision of bank contracts. The full text of the report, by the way, is available on the IMF's website. 

In addition to the report there is also an interview with Christoph Rosenberg, IMF mission chief for Hungary. Rosenberg talked about the adverse social effects of the Orbán government's economic policies. He brought up a few examples that "overly burdened the most vulnerable." For example, the elimination of the basic tax allowance (under the new regime people pay taxes from the first forint they earn), a steep 18 percent hike in the minimum wage, a complicated system of wage recommendations and compensations for employers, and a sharp increase of the standard VAT rate to 27 percent and excise tax hikes across the board. The IMF's concern is that all this will lead to real income losses and reduced employment opportunities for lower-skilled workers. 

This last point brings me back to Viktor Orbán's interview with The Wall Street Journal where he announced that his government "wants a middle-class based democracy." What can that be? If we check a good dictionary we find that the word "democracy" means "government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives," or in sociology "the practice or spirit of social equality." But a middle-class based democracy? A contradiction in terms. The Orbán government doesn't make a secret that its preferred sociological stratum is the better-off segment of society. The poor and the less well-off are not only neglected but they are the ones who are supposed to provide higher living standards for the upper- and upper-middle class people. A dangerous and highly undemocratic social policy.

Bad news came not only from Washington but also from Brussels. Last October Neelie Kroes, European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, set up an advisory panel to investigate the controversial Hungarian media law. The head of the panel, former Latvian prime minister Vaire Vike Freiberga, denounced the "extraordinary concentration" of power in the press under the leadership of Viktor Orbán which "undermines his nation's media freedom." Reiberga believes "Hungary and its leaders would be wise to reconsider the laws and regulations that they have passed so as not to stand in contravention of various fundamental principles." Her report also mentioned the situation of Klubrádió whose frequency was taken away under highly suspicious circumstances.

Impossible to control

Meanwhile, something very strange happened in Hungary. It turns out that Autórádió, the mysterious buyer of Klubrádió's frequency, is up for sale. They approached three already existing radio stations, including Klubrádió. The price: a mere 200 million forints. Klubrádió declined the generous offer.

I will throw it out to you. What do you think is going on?

According to people in the know, it was Viktor Orbán himself who insisted on depriving Klubrádió of its frequency despite Media Council Chief Annamária Szalai's warning that the case might create an international uproar. Apparently, Orbán hates Klubrádió so much that he didn't care.

I have the strong suspicion that Orbán will not only have to bow to the economic demands of the IMF and will have to assure the European Union about abandoning his undemocratic practices but he will also have to give in on the media law. Of course, the question is whether this man is capable of turning around and being the very model of a democratic gentleman. I personally doubt it.

Orbán's Canossa?

I really didn't think that by the time I normally sit down to write my posts we would have much information about the outcome of Viktor Orbán's negotiations in Brussels. So, originally I thought that I would return to my original calling, history, and write something about World War I, specifically about the enthusiasm of Hungarian writers and poets for the war.

However, I think I will be able to scrawl a few preliminary notes on the Hungarian prime minister's trip to Brussels that was described by a fellow politician as "Orbán's Canossa." I got the distinct impression that Viktor Orbán was almost certain that "a political deal" would be sealed during his conversation with José Manuel Barroso. The conversation lasted two solid hours and, although Orbán tried to put on a good face and announced his great satisfaction with the way the talks had proceeded, the very fact that Barroso was nowhere to be seen after the meeting was not a good sign.

Here are two pictures taken on the occasion. The first one was shot before the talks with Barroso and the other after he talked to Martin Schulz. On the first picture one is struck by the forced grin Orbán is capable of, especially when he is in a tight spot:

This is exactly the same smile he put on when, shortly after becoming prime minister, he tried to convince Barroso that the European Union should allow Hungary to have a 7% budget deficit.

And as long as we're in the picture gallery mode, let's see how Orbán looked after his talk with Martin Schulz, the president of the European Parliament.

Yes, Orbán's day in Brussels started with Martin Schulz. One ought to know that Schulz is a German Social Democrat. Until about a week ago when he was elected president of the EU parliament, he was the leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats caucus. So, Schulz's political views are far removed from those of the populist right-winger Viktor Orbán. Another problem the Hungarian prime minister had to face while negotiating with Schulz was that the German Social Democrat is very well informed about the political situation in Hungary. He has visited the country innumerable times, and naturally his closest ties are to the Hungarian socialist politicians. Also, he seems to be doing his homework and knows only too well that Orbán is a master of double talk. He talks in Brussels as a real democrat and a trustworthy ally while in Budapest he compares Brussels to Moscow in the Soviet times.

It is quite clear that Mr. Schulz doesn't like Viktor Orbán. In fact, according to Brussels gossip there are few people among EU politicians who actually like the Hungarian prime minister. He managed to alienate most of them. And that is a real drawback when it comes to negotiations of this sort.

But at least Schulz agreed to a joint press conference after their talk, which is more than Barroso did. According to the reporter for the BBC, during the press conference Orbán was largely quiet while Schulz lambasted him for using "European rhetoric" in Brussels and attacking it in Budapest. This is an "inadmissible approach." And he continued: "So, the Europeans should take into account that he is a clever man as a party leader, but he should take into account that the European leaders are not stupid." Finally, Schulz shared his feeling that his talk with the Hungarian prime minister "would lead Prime Minister Orbán to reflect." Or, as the correspondent of CBS put it: "Orbán found himself standing by listening while Schulz doled out criticism." Put it this way, I wouldn't have wanted to be in Orbán's place at that moment. 

It was evident even before Orbán's talk with Barroso began that he couldn't expect much better treatment from the president of the European Commission. As it turned out, Barroso and Schulz had agreed on a common platform before Orbán's arrival in Brussels.

What do we know about the Barroso-Orbán conversation? Not much because unlike Schulz, Barroso said nothing after the meeting and unfortunately Orbán's descriptions of such negotiations are normally misleading. He did mention a few unimportant items that Barroso insists on, but otherwise he was quite vague. He praised his own performance (I had a good day!) but had to admit that he has no idea "how some of the open questions will influence the start of the credit negotiations with the IMF," adding that "we can only offer our good intentions and therefore we hope for a speedy beginning." Hungary received the legal objections and the Hungarian government will answer them soon.

From the rather incoherent summary of his press conference it seems that even the question of György Matolcsy's dismissal must have been discussed, but currently Orbán's attitude is that "Hungary is a serious place with serious ministers" so I assume the prime minister is not moving toward Matolcsy's departure. But to show his earnestness to be a willing and serious partner in the Union, suddenly he offered Hungary's adherence to the financial pact of the eurozone countries. The one he originally vetoed together with David Cameron of Great Britain.

However, I don't think that this impressed Barroso. After the meeting he released a communiqué in which he emphasized that the talks were "constructive" and that the Hungarian prime minister stressed his willingness to come to an understanding. He is looking forward to the Hungarian answers to the points raised in the accelerated infringement proceedings against Hungary. However, Barroso also made it clear that small legal changes will not be enough because "it is necessary for a member state over and above the laws of the community to also embrace the common values of the Union." And finally, and perhaps this is the most weighty line in the communiqué, "even after the negotiations there are political misgivings in the wider sense about Hungary which must be handled by the government."

Orbán's fellow politicians, government and party spokesmen were belligerent this morning. Tibor Navracsics said that the retirement age of judges is not negotiable and Gabriella Selmeczi, Fidesz's spokeswoman, announced that Klubrádió will "not ring out." She emphasized that Klubrádió offered only a fraction (sic!) of the money the winner of the frequency did. This is the law of the land and no one will tell Hungary what to do. However, at about the same time András Arató, the owner of Klubrádió, was received by Neelie Kroes, European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, who promised her help in making sure that the only opposition radio station will continue in Hungary.

Orbán's misfortune is that by now everybody knows his game and no one trusts him. So I have the feeling that the EU will keep holding his feet to the fire.

A political discussion: Ferenc Gyurcsány and his liberal critics

Lately Ferenc Gyurcsány, the chairman of the new liberal-socialist party Demokratikus Koalíció, has been repeatedly stating his belief that the Hungarian opposition is not ready to govern and therefore even Viktor Orbán's fiercest opponents must not wish his disappearance from the political scene. Chaos would follow the toppling of Viktor Orbán.

The first person who decided to argue this point was Péter Németh, editor-in-chief of Népszava, a socialist daily. In a short article entitled "My dispute with Gyurcsány" he explained his problems with the former prime minister's proposition. Admittedly, said Németh, the dispute is only theoretical because Viktor Orbán's retirement is not exactly on the agenda. Orbán has no intention of voluntarily stepping down and his own men don't realize yet that his removal from power might be necessary. Gyurcsány's argument is that "we must wait" because the current situation is still better than having a country that is adrift without a strong government.

But, Németh continues, that is a dangerous position. The current situation, which might be called semi-dictatorship, will surely drift toward "full subjugation." Therefore Németh doesn't think that this waiting attitude is correct because "the cause of the [country's] sickness is Orbán himself and the cancerous cells are multiplying."

Two days later Ferenc Gyurcsány answered Németh. In his fairly lengthy article  ("Orbán or anarchy?") he tried to explain his position. First, he gave a short history of the last ten years. Although he didn't invoke the well known saying "The road to hell is paved with good intentions," this is what he meant. As an example he mentioned Péter Medgyessy's decision to raise the salaries of doctors, nurses and teachers by 50% in one fell swoop. Surely, says the former prime minister, the salaries of these people were abominably low, but "did this move serve the long-term interests of the country?" His answer is, "only in part."

The situation is the same with national or ideological enthusiasm. Gyurcsány brought up the example of youngsters from the 1920s and 1930s enthusiastically repeating the slogan "Down with Trianon." Or the women who with equal enthusiasm sent the Hungarian soldiers to war. Were these people full of good intentions? Surely, but look what happened.

Did a lot of people honestly believe in communism? Gyurcsány thinks that most did. And what happened afterward? "Enthusiasm often captured the imagination of the nation. Sometimes national, sometimes communist, sometimes democratic." Where did all this lead? Nowhere. "An orgy of collective enthusiasm is not necessarily a guarantee of collective wisdom and especially not of efficiency."

In 2005 and 2006 he desperately wanted to prevent the return of Fidesz. He was convinced that if Orbán and his team were to return a stone wouldn't be left standing after their takeover. Therefore, he didn't think that it was too high a price to pay if the next year's budget was a bit tight. They stopped Fidesz in 2006. "And? What was the price?"

At present Fidesz has about 1.5 million voters, the opposition about the same. If the opposition were to win, "the right would march on the streets. They would close the Erzsébet Bridge and would close off the main squares of cities outside of Budapest. The police wouldn't be able to handle the situation. Inside of parliament the small government majority would be stranded with the new constitution and the cardinal laws. Whatever the opposition promised they couldn't fulfill.... We would be the captives of Viktor Orbán. How long do you think our supporters would stand behind us? For half a year? Perhaps for one year? And soon enough they would demonstrate against us."

Surely, Gyurcsány's experiences between 2006 and 2009 weigh heavily on his mind, and he would like to avoid the kinds of irresponsible promises that characterized earlier Hungarian administrations. The economic situation is dreadful but "if we were governing would there be more money? Could we raise pensions, the salaries of doctors and teachers given the current setup? Surely, no! They [Fidesz] said, it's enough if they win. But they lied. I don't want to lie. I don't want to say that it is enough to bellow 'Orbán scram!' and everything will be better. The hell it will."

Gyurcsány thinks that somehow the liberal half of the population must understand what makes the other half tick and how it would be possible to convince them to agree to a common platform, at least on certain issues, for the good of the country. Gyurcsány is hoping to convince part of the other political side of the reasonableness of the position of the Hungarian left.

Wouldn't that make life easier?

In today's Népszava Tibor Szanyi, who belongs to the left wing of MSZP and who apparently will try to seize the chairmanship of the party from Attila Mesterházy, wrote another article in connection with Gyurcsány's ideas. The title is "My dispute with Ferenc Gyurcsány 2.0." One must keep in mind that Szanyi heartily dislikes Gyurcsány, whom he doesn't even consider to be a socialist but a liberal. And surely, in Szanyi's mind, the socialist party's hard times originated with its coalition with the liberal SZDSZ and Ferenc Gyurcsány's non-socialist, liberal policies.

Szanyi's remedy of the current Hungarian situation is so outrageous that I personally can hardly find words. At the beginning of his article he indicates his total disgust with Gyurcsány's ideas; his first reaction was "no comment." It's too bad that he didn't stick with his instincts. His "left-wing" remedies include freezing the bank accounts of those who became rich undeservedly--and surely the Swiss banks would be partners in this endeavor. And what about negotiating with the international community and the banks to let half of the Hungarian sovereign debt be forgiven? Just like in the case of Greece!

Szanyi's ideas about the future of Hungary's welfare state don't merit further comment. On the other hand, one can always learn something from the writings of Ferenc Krémer, a liberal sociologist. His problem with Gyurcsány is his reluctance to call Orbán's regime a "dictatorship." According to Gyurcsány, "to pronounce the word 'dictatorship' has consequences" but, adds Krémer, "not to voice it also has consequences." Gyurcsány is afraid that the strong connotation of the word "dictatorship" will result in a violent reaction on the other side. He would prefer the Hungarian word "önkényuralom" which is less loaded because it can mean "absolutism," "autocracy" or "despotism." Perhaps if we use this word there will not be riots on the streets as in 2006. Krémer believes that Gyurcsány is mistaken when he thinks that ordinary people listen to what politicians say. Words uttered by politicians have an impact more on the political elite. In this case, the present opposition. And playing with words like "dictatorship" or "önkényuralom" just confuses the opposition.

Krémer thinks that Orbán's regime is a dictatorship and that dictatorships can be replaced only if they no longer want to remain dictatorships. This is what happened in 1989 in Hungary. The question is whether the Orbán regime wants to cease to exist. Most likely the answer is "no." Then what?

Krémer's answer is that for the time being the right is an indistinguishable mass under the influence of Orbánist populism. Dividing lines cannot be clearly discerned within the right, and as long as that is the case no adequate answer can be found for the present situation. The dividing line between far-right Nazi groups and all other right groupings is more or less discernible. The other dividing line, between the followers of Orbán and the true conservatives who are committed to democratic norms, is still very pale. As long as this conservative group tolerates the fact that extreme right-wingers or populist Orbánists represent them, there is no hope for a peaceful transition. So, basically, the current opposition must wait for the appearance of a conservative right that discovers that Orbán's way is not their way.

Both Krémer and Gyurcsány call for a natural development on the right side of the political spectrum, but Krémer is hoping for a toppling of Orbán by the joint effort of the Hungarian left-liberal and conservatives forces while Gyurcsány is waiting for a stronger opposition with a well defined program.

Viktor Orbán misled his followers: What now?

A lot of people showed up yesterday at the pro-government demonstration in Budapest. Busloads came from all over the country as well as from abroad: from Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. The organizers expected at least 100,000 people and by all accounts it seems that they achieved their goal.

First of all, about the organizers: they belong to the Hungarian far right. Admittedly, they didn't officially commit themselves to Jobbik, they still support Fidesz, but the ideology they espouse is as far right as it can be in Hungary. Readers of Hungarian Spectrum should be familiar by now with the name of Zsolt Bayer whose antisemitic outbursts I have mentioned often enough. He is one of the founding members of Fidesz who works for the also far-right Gábor Széles, a billionaire who spends his money keeping up an unprofitable newspaper, Magyar Hírlap, and an equally unprofitable television station, Echo TV. Several people associated with the Széles media empire were among the organizers in addition to another far-right newspaperman, András Bencsik, editor-in-chief of Magyar Demokrata, who was actively involved in the organization of Magyar Gárda, the paramilitary organization of Jobbik.

The organizers and demonstrators used the language of the far right, although this language is not very different from the voice of Viktor Orbán himself. I could come up with hundreds of examples when the prime minister of Hungary, who is now practically begging for money from the International Monetary Fund and the European Union, attacked both of these institutions and whipped up nationalistic sentiment in defense of Hungary's sovereignty. Jobbik burned the flag of the European Union; Viktor Orbán just removed it from his office. The message was clear.

There is a thought provoking short article in Népszabadság about the "Peace Walk," as the organizers decided to call this pro-government demonstration. Miklós Hargitai, the reporter, noted that this large demonstration was not exactly organized on Facebook. By yesterday afternoon, the pro-government Facebook group had managed to get only about 900 signatures; even a mediocre Schmitt joke will get more than that number of "likes." Hargitai was also struck by the average age of the demonstrators: they were practically all over 60. A Japanese tourist thought that the demonstration was organized to call for higher pensions for the elderly.

Not exactly a young crowd

The people who took part in this Silly Walk, as Andor Jakab called it, most likely haven't noticed that the "economic war of independence" is over. They think that two-thirds of the electorate are still following Viktor Orbán. The demonstrators were most likely people who are not negatively impacted by the new tax laws, whose savings were not nationalized, who don't fret over the details of the new labor laws, and who don't have to worry about exorbitant college tuition fees. These people most likely receive their news from MTV, Kossuth Rádió, Echo TV, Magyar Nemzet, and Magyar Hírlap, and therefore they are blissfully ignorant of what is going on abroad and at home. For example, they never saw the huge demonstration in front of the Opera House or the demonstration of the high school and college students at the "Educatio" Exhibition because these events were not reported in the state-owned media.

  

It's no wonder that Viktor Orbán refused to give a speech to the crowd. The ship of state he is steering and about which he so often speaks is in the middle of making a U-turn. But these innocents don't realize that yet. Orbán couldn't go there and tell them what they wanted to hear about "the war of independence" only two days before he will have to go to Brussels and lay down his arms. The crowd wanted to hear something else, something that Orbán promised but was unable to fulfill. It seems that he didn't learn anything from what his nemesis, Ferenc Gyurcsány, said in Balatonőszöd in 2006: let's stop promising pie in the sky because we cannot deliver it.

The demonstration showed that Viktor Orbán today, just as in the past, is able to gather 100,000 people on the streets in the name of nationalism and in defense of "sovereignty." But what will happen in a year from now? And yes, even the opposition was able to organize a demonstration that was almost as large as the Fidesz-Jobbik crowd was yesterday. But what does all this prove? Not much. Orbán was capable of organizing similarly large demonstrations between 2002 and 2010 while in opposition, but he lost two elections in the interim.

Attila Mong, the reporter who was sacked by Magyar Rádió because of his protest against the new media law, wrote an interesting article entitled "For Orbán, against Orbán" in which he states that if a clear answer had been given to the question of Hungary's true situation vis-à-vis the European Union this gathering could have turned into an anti-government demonstration.

Meanwhile the country's financial situation is so desperate that it doesn't really matter what Viktor Orbán says at home, he is ready to accept practically any condition in order to receive the much needed loan from the IMF and the EU. The Fidesz leadership knows that the demands of Barroso will be tough. As one Fidesz politician told HVG, "What else does the Commission want? To restart KlubRádió?" Perhaps he is not very far off the mark. Neelie Kroes, European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, wrote a letter to Tibor Navracsics in which she specifically mentioned the case of KlubRádió.

Yesterday's demonstration was followed by another of a different stripe today. This time the crowd gathered in an attempt to save their favorite radio station, Klubrádió. Admittedly their number was only a few thousand but the sight was still impressive.

Let It Ring Out! The slogan of Klubrádió

There are only a few days for the Hungarian government to find a solution. Let's hope they will have the good sense to give in and allow the only opposition radio to "ring out." 

Hungarians and plagiarism

By now my strong suspicion is that Pál Schmitt, president of Hungary, didn't write a single line of his 1992 doctoral thesis. First someone found 180 pages of material copied from the French. A few days later another 17 stolen pages were discovered. This time from a German author's English-language article. As someone wittily remarked: Schmitt's thesis is becoming international. So, 18  pages remain unaccounted for, but I got the impression yesterday that someone is still in hot pursuit and perhaps even has an inkling where these pages came from. Thus the members of the future committee that is supposed to "investigate" the case will not have to work terribly hard.

Oh, yes, the future committee. Népszabadság reported today that the dean of Semmelweis University's graduate school is in something of a quandary. He tried to find people who know something about the subject and who know French. All the people he approached about becoming a member of the committee declined the honor. It shows the guts of Hungarian academics. After all, this is a touchy issue, a political one, and these brave men would rather not get involved.

Mind you, József Pálinkás, president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, also declined to get mixed up in this "sordid" affair. He claims that the particular doctoral title Schmitt acquired by writing the thesis in question is not a recognized academic designation. Apparently that is not the case, but I wouldn't expect anything else from Pálinkás. Moreover, according to the law governing the competence of the Academy, it is this institution's duty to guard the "purity" of scientific life of the country.

Pollsters immediately investigated Hungarians' attitude toward plagiarism. Medián was the first to tackle the issue and the results are interesting. The first surprising fact is that 90% of the people knew about Schmitt's plagiarism case. 25% of them mentioned it spontaneously as one of the important events of the past week. Half of the participants in the survey considered Schmitt's plagiarism of his dissertation a very serious affair. However, when only pro-government voters' answers were tallied they were a great deal more forgiving. The least understanding lot were the voters of MSZP, LMP, and DK.

Not surprisingly, educational attainment matters in people's judgment. When asked whether Schmitt should resign, respondents with an eighth-grade education were the most forgiving: only 22% of them thought Schmitt should leave office. But even those with a college education were rather generous toward the president. Only 42% would want him to disappear from public life.

The most incredible results were recorded when Medián collected answers on the basis of party affiliation. Only 6% of Fidesz voters said that Schmitt should resign while 77% of MSZP, LMP, and DK voters demanded his departure. 28% of Jobbik voters and 30% of unaffiliated voters answered in the affirmative concerning Schmitt's resignation. The overall results are rather disappointing: only 33% of Hungarians demand Schmitt's resignation, 42% think he should remain in office, and 25% have no opinion. Those in the minority demonstrated this afternoon in front of Sándor Palace. I liked the poster pictured below. By dropping the L from PÁL, the message was "Schmitt bye-bye."

Bye-bye, Pál Schmitt

For those of us who are sticklers about cheating, plagiarism, and in general stealing other people's ideas these results seem disappointing, but in the case of German defense minister Karl-Theodor Freiherr zu Guttenberg the German public was equally forgiving. In fact, even a little more so: 28% of people in a representative survey said he should resign and 68% said he should stay.

I don't know whether party affiliation made such a huge difference in the final results in the German case, but in the Hungarian case the discrepancy in figures is striking. Attachment to Fidesz clouds even the minds of academics. A good example is Rezső Lovas, the president of an academic Fidesz fan club called the Batthyány Circle of Professors, who had difficulty deciding what can be considered plagiarism. After it became known that 180 pages of the thesis were copied from a Bulgarian researcher's French-language work, Lovas said to the reporter of Népszabadság that "drawing material has many forms and between quotation and outright plagiarization there is constant transition.... Therefore finding proof is unlikely just as not everybody would believe its opposite."

I saw a video where university students were asked about Schmitt's plagiarism case, and very few unequivocally condemned plagiarism. There was a girl who pretty well admitted that plagiarism is more or less okay but that what Schmitt did was over the top. I guess she took to heart the advice of this poster:

 Just let's not overdo it

Népszabadság picked up a story yesterday which says a lot about the Fidesz mentality. There is a young Fidesz politician in the County of Heves who decided to defend Pál Schmitt publicly on his blog. His name is Sándor Oroján, one of the bright stars of Fidesz's youth organization, Fidelitas. In his defense of Schmitt, Oroján found nothing wrong with the president presenting someone else's work as his own. "Who didn't cheat in school? ... And is it such a grave sin that a doctoral dissertation written twenty years ago agrees more or less with an earlier study written in a different language?"

Zoltán Ceglédi, a young and very sharp political scientist, wrote an excellent opinion piece on the Oroján phenomenon in Hírszerző. The title of his article is: "A perfect Fidesz cadre." It turned out that Oroján is one of those hundreds of young Fidesz politicians who finished the Századvég program that prepares them for political careers. Ceglédi finds the young Fidesz cadre's moral attitude deplorable.

One of the problems with Fidesz voter reactions to Schmitt at the moment is that the followers don't know yet what the party line is. Viktor Orbán didn't tell them what to think. Once a decision is made on top one way or the other, the flock will follow. As many people claim, belonging to the Fidesz family is like being a member of a church. 

The law on paper and in practice in Viktor Orbán's Hungary

Here I will give a recent example of the insidious nature of the Orbán regime. According to the new constitution's Article VIII(1) "Every person shall have the right to peaceful assembly." Nice and democratic, isn't it? Surely, nobody could find fault with it. But let's see how freedom of assembly works in practice.

March 15, the national holiday celebrating the outbreak of the 1848 revolution and war of independence, is approaching. If you recall, last year a Facebook-organized group called One Million for Freedom of the Press, lately nicknamed Milla, organized the largest pro-democratic demonstration up to that point. (It was subsequently surpassed in size by the anti-government crowd who gathered in front of the Opera House to protest the new constitution on January 2.) According to reports the Milla demonstration last year, appropriately held on Szabad Sajtó út (Free Press Road), was larger than the official celebration in front of the National Museum where the government hired young people to enthusiastically applaud Viktor Orbán's speech.

Surely, the Orbán regime didn't want a repeat performance this year, especially since Fidesz support stands at its lowest ever: 16%. The normal place for the official celebration of March 15 is the National Museum and Kossuth Square in front of the parliament building. But this year they announced to the Budapest police that they also want to celebrate at Ferenciek tere, Március 15-e tér, Erzsébet híd, the area around the office of the MPs (Fehér Ház), the road to the Vár, Horváth kert in Buda, the National Theater, and the area around the Művészetek Palotája. Here is a map from the blog orulunkvincent of the areas claimed by Fidesz.

But this is not the end of the story. Naturally, the City of Budapest, now under Fidesz leadership, also has to celebrate. So came Lord Mayor István Tarlós's demands for places of celebration: the whole of Andrássy út, Deák tér, Hősök tere, Clark Ádám tér, Blaha Lujza tér. The areas reserved for the city are marked in blue.

Then naturally there are the areas where demonstrations cannot be held because they would seriously intefere with the traffic flow of the city. These are marked in green.

And finally, if you look very hard, you can find a small little speck on the following map in white on the Pest side of the Szabadság híd that would be big enough for a gathering of about 5,000 people.

To add insult to injury, the government reserved these spaces not only for this year but also for next year. This is how democratic rights are honored in practice in Orbán's Hungary.

Ágnes Vadai (DK) held a press conference yesterday condemning the undemocratic practices of the government. After all, the government is hindering the free exercise of one of the basic democratic rights laid down in the constitution. Vadai didn't mince words: "While Viktor Orbán piously defends himself in the European Parliament and while the Hungarian media portrays his performance there in a positive light, saying how polite he was ... what is happening here is an outrage ... The triple junk [bóvli] prime minister excludes the opposition from all symbolic squares of March 15."

MSZP reacted similarly. Zoltán Lukács, deputy leader of the parliamentary caucus, released a communiqué in which he also connected Viktor Orbán's performance in Strasbourg and the stark reality at home. "Viktor Orbán yesterday in Strasbourg lied to the members of the European Parliament about Hungarian democracy and today he takes away another right of the opposition. It is clear, and this is not the first time, that Fidesz is behaving in a cowardly fashion."

But the best answer came from the Milla Group. "Following the example of our great leader, we announced our intention to hold our customary demonstrations on March 15 and October 23 on Szabad Sajtó út for the next 100 years." The request was signed by Péter Juhász, the group's spokesman, who told the Budapest police that in case "his health might be impaired sometime down the road, he assures the authorities that he will appoint someone else to represent the group and take responsibility for the proper conduct of the participants."

This is what Milla's letter to the Budapest police looked like:

And this is just the first page of the opus. One must admit these guys have a good sense of humor. However, they will not be satisfied with making fun of Orbán and his government. According to Péter Juhász, they are ready to take the case to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. And they have every chance of winning their case there. 

Viktor Orbán in Strasbourg: A day after

An article in Hírszerző depicted the reactions of the Hungarian media to yesterday's major event: the discussion on Hungary in the European Parliament and Viktor Orbán's appearance before that body. The author of the short note copied out some seemingly conflicting headlines describing the same event: "Viktor Orbán gave a lesson to vindicative MPs," "Superficial accusations and emotions--According to Viktor Orbán we can be proud of our constitution," "Viktor Orbán became broadminded," "Orbán won," "Dialogue among the deaf," "Orbán's war against Europe: Napoleon in Russia," "Accommodating government, sharp exchanges, willing prime minister."

These very headlines reveal a lot about the political philosophy of the paper in which they appeared. The one exception is Zsófia Mihancsik's "Orbán won" that appeared on the liberal Galamus. She is convinced that Viktor Orbán managed to fool the whole world and that "we are again alone," as she put it at the end of the article. According to her "the Union is helpless, the interest of the western media will die, nobody is trying to look behind the nice words." This article seemed to have moved a lot of hearts in Hungarian liberal circles, but I find Népszabadság's headline on the subject more convincing: "This was only the first round." Especially since Martin Schulz, the new speaker of the European Parliament, halfway through the debate told the newspapermen waiting for him that "it is not enough to listen to Viktor Orbán. The members of the opposition and the civic society must also be heard." And indeed, this would be the only fair way of dealing with the Hungarian situation.

The right-wing politicians and the media complain bitterly about some of the mistakes made by the critics of Viktor Orbán, and indeed there were some who were not too well prepared. On the other hand, I was struck by the uniformity in the content of those MPs who supported the Hungarian government. It was clear to me that the Fidesz delegation to the European Parliament did a good job of preparing their sympathizers before they rose to the defense of the Hungarian government. It was equally clear to me that the MSZP delegation was not so diligent. They were supposed to send a summary of the political events that had taken place in Hungary in the last year and a half. They may have done this, but it seems that they neglected to do the necessary lobbying and prep work. Or, it is possible that the MSZP delegates consulted only with the keynote speakers of the delegations sympathetic to their cause.

So, for example, the new leader of the socialist caucus, Hannes Swoboda, was very well prepared. But then again Swoboda is an Austrian and thus he might be more familiar with Hungarian politics than the average European delegate. Swoboda pointed out that changing the legal language is not the answer to the problems Hungarian democracy faces; the problem lies with the spirit embedded in the new Hungarian laws.

Guy Verhofstadt, the leader of the liberals, was very specific. He talked about thirty worrisome laws that might not be in conformity with fundamental democratic values. Verhofstadt also mentioned the letter signed by the members of the Democratic Opposition which was also published on this blog. Viktor Orbán in his concluding remarks returned to this letter and claimed that Verhofstadt "forgot to mention that those who signed that letter used to be liberal politicians who in 2010 couldn't even get into parliament." This, as with so many other Orbán statements yesterday, is not entirely accurate. Not all of them were politicians, although admittedly they are all of the liberal persuasion. Verhofstadt shot back: "To be a liberal is not a sickness. You were a liberal once, before you became a nationalist."

The bête noire of the Hungarian right is Daniel Cohn-Bendit who again was in great form. Reacting to Viktor Orbán's claim that Hungary was the last country to adopt a new constitution and that it had used the 1949 constitution, Cohn-Bendit said to him: "So, all of us were raving mad because we accepted a country into the Union which had a Stalinist constitution?"

Daniel Cohn-Bendit in his element

Cohn-Bendit knew about the Budapest theater that was handed over to two men known for their anti-semitism. Some of the people knew about the fate of Klubrádió and the appointment of József Szájer's wife to head the National Judicial Office, which raised the ire of József Szájer who rushed to his wife's defense.

Although one of the Hungarian papers claimed that Viktor Orbán "sat without any facial expression," this wasn't exactly the case. He often expressed his displeasure or shook his head in disbelief. A few times one could see his well known sarcastic smile.

Viktor Orbán looking solemn

The question is whether Viktor Orbán won or lost yesterday. He certainly had to retreat, but on the whole he cut a better figure than he did the last time he was in Strasbourg. But whether this retreat is genuine or not only time will tell. I have the feeling that the European Union's dissatisfaction with Viktor Orbán's behavior hasn't come to an end. Yesterday morning he gave an interview to Bild, the German paper with the largest circulation. In it he made the following remark: "We are a country of freedom fighters. I also demand that heritage for myself." So, the war continues. Perhaps that's why 168 Óra talked about Napoleon in Russia and added the following caricature to the article about Orbán in Strasbourg:

Viktor Orbán as Napoleon in 168 Óra

So, if I were José Manuel Barroso, Olli Rehn, Vivian Reding, and Neelie Kroes I would prepare for an extended fight.

And while we are on the subject of Napoleon. Orbán occasionally reveals his true self and his dictatorial tendencies. In the same interview in Bild when the fate of Klubrádió came up, Orbán claimed that the only reason the radio station lost its frequency was that "it offered less money" than its competitor. Now the owner of the radio is trying to put political pressure on the Media Authority "but I will not allow anyone to gain financial advantage this way." Please note the first person singular. The Media Authority is clearly not independent even by Orbán's own admission. So much for the much touted Hungarian democracy.

I suspect that this is not the end of "dialogue" between the "meek" Viktor Orbán who "retreated" and the helpless European Union. There will be other rounds. But Zsófia Mihancsik is right in one respect. The Hungarian people are the only ones who could remove Viktor Orbán, and this is not an easy task. The prime minister is a very clever and cunning fellow.

P.S. Viktor Orbán's press conference with English simultaneous translation can be seen here:

http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/videoplayer.cfm?ref=82316 

Accelerated infringement proceedings against Hungary: The first phase

I watched the debate with the exception of Orbán's opening remarks, but I'm sure that they will soon be available on video. Orbán's closing comments were weak and ill placed. His reference to a Christian Europe was most unfortunate. It showed how little Orbán and Fidesz politicians in general understand the European reality today.

Since I just finished watching the parliamentary debates I'm not quite ready to give a coherent summary of a very long discussion. Instead, I think it would be better to go over the details of the infringement proceedings. A heated debate is one thing, but an official complaint coming from the European Commission is something else.

Yesterday I wrote that the Commission had started legal action against Hungary over the independence of the central bank and data protection authorities as well as over measures affecting the judiciary. So let's see what the particulars are.

Independence of the national central bank. First one has to become familiar with EU language. TFEU is the acronym for the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Commission identified breaches of Article 130 TFEU stipulating full independence of the central bank and Article 127(4) TFEU requiring consultation with the European Central Bank "on any draft legislative provision in its field of competence." Article 130 states that "neither the ECB, nor national central bodies ... shall seek or take instructions from Community institutions or any government of a Member State or from any other body."

So, let see how the Hungarian law is in conflict with these articles. Under the new law the minister in charge of finance can participate directly in the meetings of the Monetary Council, the body that sets monetary policy. The agenda of the Hungarian National Bank must be sent to the government in advance, a practice that precludes confidential discussions. The governor and the members of the Monetary Council must take an oath of fidelity to the country and its interests. This is also problematic from the Union's point of view since the governor of the Hungarian National Bank is also a member of the General Council of the European Central Bank.

There are more problems with the new law. For example, the rules governing the dismissal of the governor and the members of the Monetary Council. Even parliament can propose dismissing a member of the Monetary Council. Here we don't have even a pretense of the bank's independence.

Independence of the judiciary. The European Commission focused on the decision of the government to lower the retirement age of judges from 70 to 62 as of January 1, 2012. EU rules on equal treatment in employment (Directive 2000/78/EC) prohibit discrimination on the basis of age. Under the case law of the Court of Justice, "an objective and proportionate justification is needed if a government decides to reduce the retirement age for one group of people and not for others." In Hungary's case, the commission has not found any objective justification for treating judges differently from other groups, especially at a time when all across Europe the retirement age is being increased instead of being lowered. This move is especially suspicious because Hungary already indicated to the European Union that it intends to raise the general retirement age to 65.

The Commission also found the selection of judges problematic. Under the new law, the president of a new National Judicial Office concentrates powers concerning the operational management of the courts, human resources, budget, and allocation of cases. The same person is alone responsible for the appointment of judges. The Commission also wanted to know why the chief justice of the Supreme Court was dismissed whan other judges in the same body could continue their work. The Commission expects detailed answers. (If you ask me, the Hungarian government will be very reluctant to give in on this issue.)

Independence of the data protection supervisory authority. Instead of a single ombudsman being in charge of data protection the Hungarian government created a new National Agency for Data Protection. As a result, the six-year term of the Data Protection Commissioner was prematurally terminated. New rules were also created that allow the prime minister and the president to dismiss the new supervisor on arbitrary grounds. The independence of data protection supervisors is guaranteed under Article 15 TFEU and Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. In addition, there is a rule (Directive 95/46/EC) that insists on complete independence of the commissioner.

* * *

Viktor Orbán's answer to all this today in Strasbourg was rather feeble. He wasn't surprised about the increased interest in Hungary because in the last year and a half "comprehensive, deep, magnificent and exciting renewal has occurred" in his country. He claimed that this renewal was necessary because in 2010 Hungary was threatened with economic and financial collapse. This claim is patently without foundation. It is enough to compare the economic statistics; the situation is a great deal graver now than it was in April 2010.  He announced that the problems outlined above can be easily and quickly remedied. Obviously, he is hoping for a few changes in wording that would be no more than window dressing. He emphasized that none of the objections raised by the Commission touches the new constitution. LMP and MSZP immediately called Orbán a liar on that score.

Then came a long discussion during which Viktor Orbán's countenance visibly darkened.

Viktor Orbán is listening but not comprehending

After three hours of some very harsh criticism Orbán might have been a bit shaken, but outwardly he retained his composure and returned to his favorite themes: war and struggle. "Hungary was always a land of freedom fighters and it will remain such." This can be taken as a promise that he will not give up his struggle against the European Union in the name of national sovereignty.

His closing remarks didn't really touch on the essence of the criticism, meaning that the new constitution and the cardinal laws are paving the way to an autocratic, non-democratic system. Instead, he called attention to the ignorance of his critics and the political bias of his opponents. He repeated the same themes some of the Fidesz EP members had already touched on during the debate: the people who criticize have never read the constitution, they don't know the real situation in Hungary, and they should visit the country in order to get to know the Hungarians.

I don't think that Viktor Orbán managed to convince any of his critics that Hungary is a democratic paradise.